Murray gell mann biography of martin

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Murray Gell-Mann: Nobel prize-winning scientist who identified quarks

Murray Gell-Mann was barely 40 when he won the Nobel Prize in Physics 50 years ago. The American physicist, who has died aged 89, devised the “eightfold way” to bring order to the world of elementary particles. He also conceived the idea of “quarks” to explain the structure of such particles.

Gell-Mann ranks among significant contributors to the centuries-old effort to find the fundamental laws that governed the behaviour of the everyday world and the universe around us.

He was a pioneer in the development of what is called the standard model of particle physics, a guide to the fundamental behaviour of the constituents of the universe.

A child prodigy, Gell-Mann grew up in the Bronx, New York, graduated from Yale and soon came to be identified with the development of such concepts as the “strangeness” of elementary particles.

It was an apt name for an important characteristic of the particle world in which scientists found themselves in the years after the Second World War, as high-energy atom-smashers produced a proliferation of odd and curious particles that challenged physicists’ earlier assumptions.

One of Gell-Mann’s most widely hailed achievements was a proposal grouping all fundamental particles

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Murray Gell-Mann

American theoretical physicist (1929–2019)

Murray Gell-Mann (; September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019)^[3][4][5][6] was an American theoretical physicist who played a preeminent role in the development of the theory of elementary particles. Gell-Mann introduced the concept of quarks as the fundamental building blocks of the strongly interacting particles, and the renormalization group as a foundational element of quantum field theory and statistical mechanics. He played key roles in developing the concept of chirality in the theory of the weak interactions and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in the strong interactions, which controls the physics of the light mesons. In the 1970s he was a co-inventor of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which explains the confinement of quarks in mesons and baryons and forms a large part of the Standard Model of elementary particles and forces.

Murray Gell-Mann received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles.

Life and education

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Gell-Mann was born in Lower Manhattan to a family of Jewish immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, specifically from Czernowitz in present-day Ukraine.^[7][8] His parents were Pa